3D cellular automaton simulation of the dynamic recrystallization microstructure evolution for a nickel-based superalloy
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摘要: 镍基高温合金在热加工过程中易发生动态再结晶组织演化行为，可以有效细化合金凝固过程形成的粗大柱状晶组织，是调控高温合金锻件质量的理论依据。采用C276镍基高温合金开展了高温热压缩试验，研究了热压缩流变应力曲线特征和微观组织演化规律，在此基础上，开发了镍基高温合金热变形动态再结晶的三维元胞自动机模型。结果表明，镍基高温合金的动态再结晶对变形温度、变形量及变形速率极为敏感，三维元胞自动机模型可以表征动态再结晶形核和晶粒生长的三维空间微观组织拓扑结构演化特征，并计算动态再结晶过程中的加工硬化、动态再结晶软化等力学响应特性。再结晶组织的三维空间组织拓扑结构分析较二维空间表现出一定优势。该模型有助于进一步理解镍基高温合金动态再结晶演化行为，指导热加工过程微观组织的精确调控。Abstract: Dynamic recrystallization usually occurs on nickel-based superalloys during hot deformation, which can refine the initial coarse solidification columnar grains and be served as the theoretical base for controlling the quality of superalloys. Hot deformation tests were conducted on a nickel-based C276 superalloy in this work. The flow curve characterization and microstructural evolution were investigated. Then a 3D cellular automaton model was developed to simulate the dynamic recrystallization of nickel-based superalloys. The results indicate the dynamic recrystallization of nickel-based superalloys is sensitive to the deformation temperature, deformation degree and strain rate. The developed 3D cellular automaton model can simulate the topological evolution of recrystallization nucleation and grain growth in 3D space. And it can also capture the stress response caused by work hardening and dynamic recrystallization softening. The topological microstructure analysis in 3D shows it is more superior as compared to 2D section. The developed model is supposed to be beneficial for understanding the dynamic recrystallization of nickel-based superalloys and supervising the microstructure control during hot working process.
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图 1 初始多晶体的三维空间元胞布置及邻居模型
Figure 1. 3D cell space arrangement and neighbor model of initial polycrystalline
图 2 C276高温合金高温热压缩的真应力-应变曲线
Figure 2. True stress-strain curves of C276 superalloy under high temperature hot compression
(a) $\dot \varepsilon $=0.01 s−1; (b) T=1150 ℃
图 3 C276高温合金热压缩后的金相组织
Figure 3. Microstructures of C276 superalloy after hot compression tests
(a) 1 050 ℃, 0.01 s−1; (b) 1 100 ℃, 0.01 s−1; (c) 1 150 ℃, 0.01 s−1; (d) 1 150 ℃, 0.1 s−1
图 4 C276高温合金热变形过程微观组织演化的元胞自动机模拟结果
Figure 4. Microstructure evolution of C276 superalloy during hot compression simulated by 3D cellular automaton model
(a) ε=0.08; (b) ε=0.25; (c) ε=0.64; (d) ε=1.0
图 5 三维元胞自动机模型计算的流变应力曲线与试验值对比
Figure 5. Comparisons of the flow stress curves between 3D cellular automaton modeling and experiments
(a) $ \dot{\varepsilon } $=0.01 s−1; (b) T=1 150 ℃
图 6 镍基高温合金动态再结晶形核和晶粒长大过程跟踪
Figure 6. Tracking of the dynamic recrystallization nucleation and grain growth process in nickel-based superalloy
图 7 三维空间和二维截面的晶粒尺寸分布对比
Figure 7. Comparisons of the grain size distribution of 3D space and 2D section
表 1 三维元胞自动机模型中所采用的材料参数值
Table 1. Values of parameters in the developed 3D cellular automaton model
参数 Tm/℃ Qa/（kJ·mol−1） Qb/（kJ·mol−1） μ0/GPa b/nm υ k/（J·K−1） R/（J·mol−1·K−1） k1 k2 数值 1325 475 175 78.57 0.25 0.3 1.381×10−23 8.314 $1.058 \times {10^9}{Z^{0.016}}$ $ 6.003 \times {10^3}{Z^{ - 0.12}}$ 
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